概 述
椎体增强术(vertebral augmentation, VA)在脊柱外科中是一种经皮辅助手术,目前应用范围广泛。近期有学者发表了综述研究,介绍其应用进展。
(三)脊柱畸形
图4 侧孔骨水泥螺钉的使用
(四)病理性骨折
病理性骨折具有有限的、不可预测的愈合潜力,需要考虑介入稳定方法。在椎体溶解性病理性骨折中,骨水泥增强术通过改善病变椎体的前柱和中柱支持,为疼痛控制提供了安全有效的干预措施。
一项多中心随机对照试验[39]评估了134例与癌症相关的疼痛性椎体压缩性骨折患者,这些患者接受了后凸成形术或保守治疗。与保守治疗组相比,接受后凸成形术的患者在1个月和末次随访时的患者报告结局指标(patient reported outcomes, PROs)明显改善。与保守治疗组相比,干预组患者的背部疼痛减轻,支具、止痛药和助行器具的使用都有所减少。在干预组中,常见的不良后果是背部疼痛,其次是相邻节段骨折。
一项回顾性分析[40]对59例病理性椎体骨折患者开展研究,比较了经皮骨水泥增强术组与支具+止痛药保守治疗组之间的疗效。与保守治疗相比,接受骨水泥增强治疗的患者在1个月和末次随访(平均16.8个月)时临床结果明显改善,且X线显示手术组的椎体高度维持正常。
27. Liu D, Zhang B, Xie QY, et al.: Biomechanical comparison of pedicle screw augmented with different volumes of polymethylmethacrylate in osteoporotic and severely osteoporotic cadaveric lumbar vertebrae: An experimental study. Spine J 2016;16:1124-1132
28. Chen LH, Tai CL, Lee DM, et al.: Pullout strength of pedicle screws with cement augmentation in severe osteoporosis: A comparative study between cannulated screws with cement injection and solid screws with cement pre-filling. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011;12:33
29. Burval DJ, McLain RF, Milks R, Inceoglu S: Primary pedicle screw augmentation in osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae: Biomechanical analysis of pedicle fixation strength. Spine 2007;32:1077-1083
30. Rometsch E, Spruit M, Zigler JE, et al.: Screw-related complications after instrumentation of the osteoporotic spine: A systematic literature review with meta-analysis. Glob Spine J 2020;10:69-88
31. Kolz JM, Freedman BA, Nassr AN: The value of cement augmentation in patients with diminished bone quality undergoing thoracolumbar fusion surgery: A review. Glob Spine J 2021;11:37S-44S
32. Glattes RC, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Kim YJ, Rinella A, Edwards C: Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion: Incidence, outcomes, and risk factor analysis. Spine 19762005;30:1643-1649
33. Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Kim J, Cho SK: Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion: Minimum 5-year follow-up. Spine 2005; 30:2045-2050
34. Kim HJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, et al.: Patients with proximal junctional kyphosis requiring revision surgery have higher postoperative lumbar lordosis and larger sagittal balance corrections. Spine 19762014;39: E576-E580
35. Park SJ, Lee CS, Chung SS, Lee JY, Kang SS, Park SH: Different risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following long instrumented fusion to the sacrum for adult spinal deformity: Survivorship analysis of 160 patients. Neurosurgery 2017;80: 279-286
36. Hart RA, McCarthy I, Ames CP, Shaffrey CI, Hamilton DK, Hostin R: Proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure. Neurosurg Clin North Am 2013;24:213-218
37. Hart RA, Prendergast MA, Roberts WG, Nesbit GM, Barnwell SL: Proximal junctional acute collapse cranial to multi-level lumbar fusion: A cost analysis of prophylactic vertebral augmentation. Spine J 2008;8: 875-881
38. Theologis AA, Burch S: Prevention of acute proximal junctional fractures after long thoracolumbar posterior fusions for adult spinal deformity using 2-level cement augmentation at the upper instrumented vertebra and the vertebra 1 level proximal to the upper instrumented vertebra. Spine 2015;40:1516-1526
39. Berenson J, Pflugmacher R, Jarzem P, et al.: Balloon kyphoplasty versus non-surgical fracture management for treatment of painful vertebral body compression fractures in patients with cancer: A multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2011;12:225-235
40. Ha KY, Min CK, Seo JY, et al.: Bone cement augmentation procedures for spinal pathologic fractures by multiple myeloma. J Korean Med Sci 2015;30:88-94
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